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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT AND RESEARCH International Peer Reviewed & Refereed Journals, Open Access Journal ISSN Approved Journal No: 2455-2631 | Impact factor: 8.15 | ESTD Year: 2016 open access , Peer-reviewed, and Refereed Journals, Impact factor 8.15 |
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| Paper Title: | India Canada Bilateral engagements: Strategical reflections and implications on indo pacific strategy |
| Authors Name: | Mankirat Singh Chawla |
| Unique Id: | IJSDR2403115 |
| Published In: | Volume 9 Issue 3, March-2024 |
| Abstract: | OVERVIEW : The Hon'ble Mary Ng - Minister of International Trade, Export Promotion, Small Business and Economic Development, Government of Canada, and , Union Minister of Commerce and Industry, Consumer Affairs and Food, and Public Distribution and Textiles, Government of India - Shri Piyush Goyal, co-chaired the sixth Ministerial Dialogue on Trade & Investment (MDTI) between India and Canada on May 8, 2023, in Ottawa.The Ministers remarked the significant conversations at the G-20 summits hosted by India during its presidency. In this regard, Minister Ng emphasised India's position as a future global economy and commended the Indian government and business associations on their achievements thus far at the G-20 meetings held in India .Minister Ng highlighted the launch of Canada's Indo-Pacific Strategy and India's significance in the region, recognising the vital relevance of the Indo-Pacific region for Canada's prosperity, security, and ability to address environmental concerns . Trade and Investment In 2022, the bilateral trade in products between Canada and India approached C$12 billion , India's imports from Canada totalled US$ 3.8 billion, while its exports to Canada came to about US$ 6.07 billion. In 2022, the value of bilateral trade in products between Canada and India was estimated to be US$9.9 billion, a substantial 57% increase over the previous year.The Ministers emphasised role that the services sector plays in advancing bilateral ties and pointed out that there is a great deal of room to grow the bilateral services trade, which was valued at C$8.9 billion in 2022.A total of about US$ 55 billion has been invested in India by Canadian pension funds. Between April 2000 and June 2023, Canadian FDI totalled around US$ 3.642 billion.Over 600 Canadian businesses are present in India, and over 1,000 businesses are actively looking to do business in India. Indian businesses operate in Canada in the IT, programmes, iron, banking, and mineral-based industries.Jewels, jewellery, and gemstones, medications, textiles, mechanical appliances, natural chemicals, light technical goods, metallic commodities, etc are among the main exports from India to Canada. Pulses, publication, pulp from trees, asbestos, a mineral potassium, iron debris, the metal copper, nutrients, and industrial chemicals are among the products that India imports from Canada. Aiming for that objective, the Ministers urged strengthening trade relations by collaborating more and forming alliances to capitalise on complementary industries in areas like chemicals, green technologies, infrastructure, automotive, clean energy, electronics, and minerals and metals. They placed special focus on strengthening collaboration in fields including clean technology for the development of infrastructure, essential minerals, electric cars and batteries, renewable energy/ hydrogen, and artificial intelligence. Comprehensive Economic Partnership deal (CEPA) The Ministers underlined roles that the MDTI can play in fostering bilateral investment and trade relations and bolstering the two nations' economic ties . Acknowledging the necessity of a comprehensive trade deal to open up a plethora of new avenues for increasing trade and investment between Canada and India, the Ministers formally recommenced discussions on the Comprehensive Economic Partnership deal (CEPA) between Canada and India in 2022. A number of rounds of discussions have already been held as part of the negotiations towards an Early Progress Trade Agreement (EPTA), which will serve as a transitional step towards the CEPA, in order to achieve that aim. High level commitments in commodities, services, investment, origin rules, sanitary and phytosanitary measures, trade barriers, technology, and dispute resolution are just a few of the topics that the EPTA would cover. The parties also decided to investigate further collaboration in the near future through initiatives including coordinated investment promotion, information sharing, and mutual assistance. The Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) that would formalise this collaboration between Canada and India is expected to be signed in the fall of 2023.The ministers also committed to an annual discussion of mutual interest between the relevant points of contact at the official level during the Prospectors and Developers Association Conference in Toronto, as well as to investigating opportunities for business-to-business engagement on critical minerals between the two nations. By building on the current work of the Joint Science and Technology Cooperation Committee (JSTCC) and pursuing improved collaboration in the areas of start-ups and innovation partnerships, both parties discussed the possibility of enhancing the cooperation in the field of science, technology, and innovation in priority areas.The Ministers acknowledged the need of advancing the business ties between India and Canada by organising forums for SMEs and female entrepreneurs, among other efforts.The Indian business delegation's visit, which improved businessto-business interaction, was well welcomed by Minister Mary Ng on the fringes of the 6th MDTI. Both Ministers anticipate the return of the Canada-India CEO Forum with a refreshed agenda and renewed emphasis in order to maintain the momentum of business-to-business interaction. A mutually agreed- upon early date might be announced for the CEO Forum. Minister Goyal appreciated Minister Mary Ng's announcement that she would want to lead a Team Canada trade trip to India in October 2023. In this context, the Ministers noted the desire for increased discussions in the area of migration and mobility. They also noted the significant movement of professionals and skilled workers, students, and business travellers between the two countries, and its immense contribution to enhancing the bilateral economic partnership. It was decided by both parties to keep talking about how to expand and improve the bilateral innovation ecosystem using a suitable framework. Additionally, additional funding will be provided to encourage industry research and development collaborations in line with Canada's Indo-Pacific Strategy.Top Canadian universities were asked to establish campuses in India in accordance with the statement made in the country's National Education Policy 2020 for supporting international universities and educational institutions.The Ministers took notice of the extended air services agreement that India and Canada reached in 2022, which strengthens people-to- people links by allowing carriers from both nations to operate more commercial flights. The Ministers agreed to cooperate in order to further improve the rules-based, transparent, non-discriminatory, open, and inclusive multilateral trading system that the World Trade Organisation represents.To fully realise the potential of the trade and investment partnership between India and Canada, the Ministers decided to stay involved in order to give continuous momentum. This included establishing an annual work plan that is reported on a regular basis and to create links and improve collaboration across industries. OVERVIEW : Energy Cooperation: On September 8, 2016, in New Delhi, the last session of the Energy Dialogue between Canada and India was conducted at the ministerial level. 10% of a British Columbian liquid natural gas project is owned by Indian Oil Corporation.India and Canada's energy industries are similar to one another: Canada is a major and expanding supplier of gas and oil, while India is a major and expanding buyer of oil. Nevertheless, Indian oil corporations have lost out on the Canada narrative since they have invested in oil resources all over the world. India can protect itself from the possibility of oil price rises by investing in Canada's oil sector, which also gives Canada longterm demand certainty. India's Requirement to Purchase Foreign Petroleum Reserves With an 80% reliance on imports, the nation's oil use in 2018 was 5.1 million bpd, ranking third in the world. The nation's consumption is predicted to reach nine million barrels per day by 2040 (BP plc 2019a), with a further fall in the proportion of oil produced locally. Indian Capital Invested in Canada The Pacific North-west LNG terminal (Indian Oil 2015), a combined effort comprising oil and gas resources and an accompanying LNG export terminal, was owned by the state-owned Indian Oil to the tune of ten percent. Sinopec (China), JAPEX (Japan), and Petronas (Malaysia) were the other project partners.The project was abandoned in 2017 as a result of resistance from environmentalists and poor LNG prices (Cattaneo and Morgan 2017). On the west coast of Canada, in British Columbia, the consortium members still have ownership of the related oil and gas reserves. Canada's British Columbia province will receive a $4 billion investment from Indian Oil Corporation. In order to obtain LPG within this region, Indian Oil Corporation plans on investing $4 billion in the Canadian province of British Columbia. Canada's Governor of British Columbia "Indian Oil plans to make the largest purchase of Canada in order to secure petroleum for India from BC," stated Christy Clark. She stated that in order to secure Gas shipments from the Canadian province, the state-run company will invest USD 4 billion. IOC sealed a contract in May to purchase a 10% share in shale gas resources and a related British Columbian LNG project.Beginning in 2018, the Canadian asset has the capacity to generate 19.68 million metric tonnes of LNG annually for 25 years.Apart from that, Clark added, GMR Construction and Group of India and IC-Impacts in her province would now collaborate on new pavement technology, building design, and waste water and water infrastructure—all examples of safe and sustainable infrastructure. India will require one million skilled people annually for the next fifteen years. We are able to assist. It benefits both you and us if we can assist in training 3,000 people, 300 of whom can then assist us in developing an LNG business. In order to exchange research, training, and new technology in sectors like specialist construction supplies for construction like bridges, roads, and buildings, Reliance Industries, Inc. has also partnered with IC-Impacts. Introducing Indian Retail Investment to Canada The public sector in India is but a small portion of the energy industry. It is also necessary to include Indian retail investors in order to increase market participation. Establishing a traded fund in the nation of India that would hold shares of Canadian gas and oil companies would be the best method to do this. There would be two benefits to such a step: 1. Since it would be a private effort, it could be carried out more quickly than a significant government investment. 2. It would lessen the vulnerability of smaller market players, such as businesses and individual investors, to fluctuations in energy prices. OVERVIEW : A forward-thinking agreement known as the Convention between the Governments of Canada and India acknowledging the Reciprocal Preservation of the Primacy of Patents of Invention, which was signed in 1956, institutionalised a bilateral relationship on S&T. This agreement was made before the Paris Convention was revised in 1967, the Berne Convention for the Safety of artistic and literary works was acted upon in 1971, and the TRIPS Agreement was signed in 1995 by Canada and India. Interestingly, 1956 was the year that the two nations inked their reciprocal agreement and Canada contributed a 40 MWe pressurised heavy-water generator of the CANDU type, which became known as CIRUS later on. It was installed at Bhabha Atomic Research Centre in mumbai , India . Many decades later, in 2005, the governments of the Republic of India and Canada signed a landmark agreement known as an Agreement for Research and Technological Cooperation. The 1967 Paris the Convention, the 1971 Berne The Convention operates and the 1995 the TRIPS Agreement, which represent the rights and duties of the two countries, served as the foundation for this agreement. The 2005 agreement outlined the collaboration on non- defence research in the fields of mining, aerospace, agriculture, environmental science, and health science. It also resulted in several interagency, inter-institutional, and inter-ministerial agreements. All those bilateral agreements have benefited industry in both nations as well as government-supported research and development, or R&D, institutions. Science and Technology The main goal of Indo-Canadian S&T collaboration has been to advance industrial R&D that may be used through the creation of new intellectual property, procedures, prototypes, or goods. Under the IC-IMPACTS programme, the (DBT) carries out collaborative research initiatives in the fields of waste management, agri-biotech, and health care. In September and October of 2019, researchers from the (NCPOR), Goa, paid a visit to Canada's Arctic Research Station, Cambridge Bay. In February 2020, NCPOR and POLAR, Canada signed a Memorandum of Cooperation. Renewing MoUs set up a new strategic course for Canada-India S&T cooperation. During the 7th meeting of the India-Canada Strategic Science and Technology Partnership Committee (JSTCC) in Ottawa, two Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) were extended, establishing long-term goals in several cutting-edge sectors.In accordance with the 2005 agreement between India and Canada, the Ministries of Science and Technology signed Memoranda of Understandings (MoUs) with the Natural Science and Research in Engineering Council of Canada (NSERC) and the National Research Council Canadian (NRC), respectively.David Morrison, the Deputy Minister of Trade and Industry at Global Affairs Canada, and Dr. Srivari Chandrasekhar, Minister at the Indian Ministry of Technology and Science (DST), co-chaired the Joint Committee Meeting.A Joint Technology and Science Collaboration Committee was established by the two nations in accordance with article 7 of the 2005 contract, and it has been setting action plans between respective S&T departments every two years. On May 19, 2022, in Ottawa, the Joint S&T Coordination Committee held its most recent meeting. Following this meeting, the partners determined that, for the years 2022–2024, their bilateral collaborations would be prioritised in the following areas: energy efficiency and environmental research, food and agricultural security, the scholar mobility and human development; medical sciences and related technologies; clean energy and artificial intelligence; and marine and polar research. A list of areas of priority should be established by Ottawa and New Delhi - Indian and Canadian businesspeople have established forums for idea sharing, teamwork, and mutual education during the last ten years. Among these platforms are: The Indo-Canadian Being an entrepreneur the Exchange, an action of the University of Toronto as well as the Indian The Institute of Technologies Bombay. The India-Canada Startups in Link, worked by Toronto Business Growth Centre (a start- up acceleration) and Startup India, the Indian the government the symbol initiative. Global The bridge Canada-India Programme, run by the T-Hub, a leading start-up an incubator in the city of Hyderabad, India, and Canada’s Technology Network, which is a system of beginning incubators and accelerators in the country. Startups in the early stages of climate technology. Globally, these businesses were projected to have generated $53.7 billion in 2021. In the upcoming years, investments will probably be split between the decarbonisation of energy, transport, manufacturing, farming, pollution and the environment, and infrastructure and building sectors, even if electrifying the means of transportation is now the main priority. The climate tech start-up scene in India managed to raise a comparatively small $445 million, but things are going to get better. Indeed, Prime Minister Modi declared that India aimed to achieve net-zero emissions by 2070 during the 26th Conference of the Parties, which took place in Glasgow in Nov 2021. Despite Modi's claim that India will require $1 trillion to achieve decarbonisation, further research places the total estimated expenditures for the same . According to the Canada Pension Plan Investing Board, this is a "generational investment opportunity." By 2030, the fund hopes to have invested $106 billion (instead of the present $53 billion) in net-zero transition assets. The fund strives for an asset starting point of three trillion dollars for its holdings for a net-zero objective in 2050. Sovereign wealth funds, such the Abu Dhabi Development Authority, GIC Holdings of Singapore, and Dubai's Mubadala Investment Company, have already started funding environmental, social, and governance initiatives in India. It will be essential to develop an India-Canada plan to encourage start-ups to attain net-zero emissions. In summary The Canadian Space The power of agency has tremendous operational knowledge with the International Space Station; Canadian universities as well as start-ups can carry out both academic and business science experiments on the intended Indian space station; India's space startup ecosystems is currently developing several space launch assistance start-ups. India is currently in the advanced stages of completing its first individuals space travel, which is planned for 2023; the trip is the initial phase of the Indian Human Space Flight Project. By the turn of the century, ISRO strives to set up a small and modular spacecraft in low-Earth orbit. In a similar vein, Canada's work with its the ocean Supercluster, the industry-led the sea technological advancement ecosystem, will be of great assistance to Indian institutions. Likewise, India is in the final stages of building an underwater submergence automobile, known as Samudrayaan, as part of its determined Deep Ocean Mission led by the nation's the Department of Science and Technology. India may also pursue S&T partnerships with Canadian institutions to study investigating and preserving marine life, setting ocean environmental advice, the survey and investigation of the ocean's bottom, ocean energy tasks, and developing ocean debris elimination technologies. OVERVIEW : Since the 1990s, Canada and India have collaborated in the fields of satellite launch services, base support for space missions, earth observation, and space science.Two Implementation Arrangements, one of which addresses satellite tracking and the other particularly addresses space astronomy, as well as an MOU for collaboration in the sphere of space exploration and utilisation have been inked between ISRO and the CSA.Under a commercial agreement with the University of Toronto's Department of Aerospace Studies (UTIAS), ANTRIX, the business arm of ISRO, has sent off nine nano satellites.In February 2013, ANTRIX additionally launched two micro satellites as auxiliary satellites aboard the Polar Satellite communication Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C20): NEOSSat and SAPPHIRE.Launched in June 2014, the PSLV-C23 carried 2 Canadian satellites from University of Toronto's Centre for Aerospace Studies Aerospace Flight Laboratory, CanX-4 and CanX-5. To Increase Space Cooperation among CSA And ISRO : March 27, 2003, ISRO and CSA inked an Agreement of Understanding that reaffirms their shared goal of peaceful international space cooperation while advancing the social and economic advancement of both nations. At Antariksh Bhavan, the ISRO headquarters in Bangalore, Dr. Marc Garneau, President CSA, and Dr. K. Kasturirangan, Chairman, signed the Memorandum of Understanding. "Dr. Kasturirangan expressed his pleasure at welcoming Dr. Garneau and his delegation to India and at signing this Memorandum today. We have similar needs in terms of telecommunications, meteorology, disaster warning, natural resource management, and environmental monitoring."This newfound collaboration between CSA and ISRO shows our shared commitment to pursuing joint initiatives that will benefit both nations in the long run.” Dr. Garneau remarked, "The breadth and scope of India's space programme is impressive." "The ISRO programme is varied and ambitious.It should be mentioned that Dr. Marc Garneau, the president of CSA, has three US Space Shuttle flights under his belt: in 1984, 1996, and 2000. On the following day, March 24, 2003, Dr. Garneau was questioned by four Bangalore students about his astronaut experience. The interview was broadcast on Bengaluru Doordarshan on March 25. Established in 1989, CSA is headquartered in Saint-Hubert, Quebec. Every facet of the Canadian aerospace programme is coordinated by CSA. The CSA provides services related to earth and environmental issues, space research, human presence in space, communications via satellite, technology for space, space certification services, space awareness, and education through its business line dedicated to space knowledge, applications, and industry development. When it comes to the advancement and use all space science for the sake of mankind and Canadians, the CSA stands at the forefront.Along with top ISRO officials, other attendees at today's MOU signing included leaders of the Canadian aerospace industry and senior officials of the CSA. India and Canada Sign Agreement on Space Cooperation In an effort to further the social and economic advancement of both nations, the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) and the ISRO have inked a Memorandum of Understanding, reiterating their commitment to peaceful international space cooperation. The Memorandum establishes the parameters for our ongoing collaboration on initiatives and tasks that are of mutual importance to us.It acknowledges the same goals and aspirations of our space programmes and demonstrates our organisations' will to collaborate closely in order to produce tangible scientific, technical, and economic advantages for our people and all of mankind. This newfound partnership among CSA and ISRO shows how committed we are to working together on projects and forming commercial partnerships that will benefit our nations both now and in the future." The Memorandum aims to promote collaboration between the commercial sector and academics in both nations in the areas of space exploration and utilisation, as well as the research of cooperative programmes in communications via satellite and satellite remote sensing.The potential involvement in a Moon Orbiter mission, a Send Early Operations stages agreement that could be applied to the next SCISAT-1 launch, the United Nations the space Sciences and Technology Education Centre's support in India, and cooperation with the ASTROSAT/UVIT (Ultraviolet Diagnostic imaging Telescope) mission are a few examples of such projects. At Bangalore, India's ISRO Headquarters, the Memorandum was signed. RADARSAT Internationally (RSI), TATA Consultancy Services,(the MDA), OG Inc., PCI Geomatics is , EMS Technologies Canada, BOT Engineering, COM DEV, ICT Development Group, and Info-Electronics Systems were among the Canadian space industry representatives present with Dr. Garneau. Satellite Technology and Space Exploration The Canadian Space Agency (CSA) and India's ISRO have been closely working on satellite technology and space exploration. The two organisations signed a Memorandum of Understanding in 2022 to further their collaboration in fields such satellite communication, earth observation, and space scientific research. The planned launching of an orbiting mission in 2023 with the goal of tracking the effects of climate change and improving disaster management skills gave the partnership even more impetus. The mission represented a major advancement in India-Canada partnership in space since it involves the exchange of scientific knowledge and resources. OVERVIEW : Since 1968, India and Canada have been working together to promote education and cultural cooperation through the Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute (SICI), a unique binational organisation. India is now the country from whence the majority of international students enrolling in Canada come (230,000 students total). In February 2018, the Memorandum of Understanding on higher education (2010) with Canadian was extended.In December 2021, Concordia University, which is located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, announced the creation of the Guru Nanak Ji Chair of Engineering. Agreements have been made to create an India Chair alongside Simon Fraser University in British Columbia, Carleton University in Ottawa, and the University of Calgary in Alberta.An international organisation that has promoted education and cultural exchange between India and Canada since 1968 is called the Shastri Indo-Canadian Institution (the SICI). IC-IMPACTS (the India-Canada Centre for Innovative Multidisciplinary Partnerships to Accelerate Community Transformation and Sustainability) : In order to find solutions to the major issues facing the communities, IC-IMPACTS (the IndiaCanada Centre for Innovative Multidisciplinary Partnerships to Accelerate Community Transformation and Environmental sustainability), a Canada-India Research Centre of Excellence devoted to the development of research collaborations between Canada and India, aims to bring together academics, business innovators, community leaders, government agencies, and community organisations from both countries. The National Mission for Clean Ganga and IC-IMPACTS are collaborating to find creative technological ways to clean the Ganga. Additionally, IC-IMPACTS is working with DST on 'Safe and environmentally friendly The infrastructure' and 'Integrated WaterManagement' initiatives, and with the Department of Biotechnology on 'Water for Health’.The Government of India planned to establish a Guru Nanak Devji Chair at a Canadian university in honour of the 550th anniversary of Guru Nanak Devji's birth. Students in Canada: Since 2018, India has been the main place of origin for foreign students studying there. By 2022, their population had increased by 47% to around 320,000, making up almost 40% of all international students. This immigration boosts Canadian institutions and colleges and gives local students access to subsidised education. February 2018 saw the renewal of the 2010 Memorandum of Understanding on Higher Education with Canada. This Memorandum of Understanding focuses on increasing cooperation in the fields of faculty and student mobility.Through the Global Initiative of Academic Works (GIAN) scheme, 69 reputable Canadian academic members have been to India as of 2020 to lecture in Indian colleges. The Scheme for Promotion of Academic and Research Collaboration (SPARC) is an effort designed to enhance the research ecosystems in higher education institutions in India. Canada is one of the 28 nations included in this programme.Indian students now make up the largest international student population in Canada, with 203000 studying there. OVERVIEW : Indian Diaspora The diaspora has strong representation in both the provincial and federal legislatures. Following elections on October 19, 2015, there are now 21 Members of Parliament (MPs) of Indian descent in the House of Commons, up from 9. Currently, four PIOs occupy Cabinet positions, up from two State Minister positions in the previous Cabinet.The Indo- Canada Chamber of Commerce (I-CCC), the Canada India Foundation (CIF), the Canada India Business Council (CIBC), and various regional chambers and organisations are notable Indo-Canadian institutions. More over 1.2 million people in Canada identify as People of Indian Origin (PIO), making up over 3% of the country's total population. PIOs, who make up one of the biggest immigrant groups in Canada, are welleducated, well-off, and hardworking individuals. They are also involved in politics. 962,670 people of Indian descent live in Canada (2006 Census), of which 50% are Sikhs, 39% are Hindus, and the other people are Muslims, Christians, Buddhists, Jainites, and so on. The Greater Toronto Area, Greater Vancouver Area, Montreal, and Calgary are home to the bulk of PIOs.In the Commons, there are nine MPs from Indo-Canada, while in the Senate, there is one. One PIO MP serves as the Foreign Minister's Parliamentary Secretary, while two PIO MPs are Federal government Ministers of State. The Canada India Foundation (CIF), the Canada India Business Council (CIBC), and a number of smaller regional chambers and organisations are notable Indo-Canadian organisations.With 1.7 million individuals of Indian descent, or more than 3% of the country's overall population and more than 700,000 NRIs, Canada is home to one of the largest Indian diasporas in the world. The major cities where members of the diaspora reside include Toronto, Ontario; Vancouver, British Columbia; Montreal, Quebec; Calgary, Alberta; Ottawa ,Winnipeg, Manitoba. Since 2013 Indian Immigration to Canada Has Increased by threefold : The total amount of Indian immigrants to Canada has increased by over three times. The magnitude of the rise is consistent with what one would anticipate in a refugee crisis, not with the outcome of a continuous influx of foreign students and workers. The data indicates that Indians' decision to relocate to Canada has been significantly influenced by the United States' stringent immigration policy, especially under the Trump administration.A 260% rise of Indian permanent residents occurred in Canada between 2013 and 2022 (32,828 vs. 118,095), according to a study by the National Foundation for American Policy (NFAP) using statistics from Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada. In 2022, at 118,095, Indian immigration to Canada dwarfed the next largest source countries for permanent residents: China (31,815), Afghanistan (23,735), Nigeria (22,085) and the Philippines (22,070). In 2014, Canada had more immigrants from the Philippines than from India.The number of Indian immigrants to Canada during 2004 and 2012 ranged between 27,000 to 36,000. After that, the number of Indian immigrants to Canadian rose from 32,828 in 2013 to 38,364 in 2014 this number remained constant in 2015, (39,340) and 2016, (39,710).51,590 Indian immigrants arrived in Canada in 2017, and that number grew to 69,985 in 2018, and 85,590 in the year 2019. Due to Covid-19-related processing and travel delays, the number dropped to 42,870 in 2020. However, in 2021, the number of Indians granted permanent residency grew to 127,940, and they stabilised at 118,095 in 2022 as processing issues subsided and Canadian immigration officials accorded job experience more weight. OVERVIEW : Canada and India have a lengthy history of interaction and collaboration, extending to the military industry. Their connection is complex, though, and it presents both chances and difficulties. An overview of their present defence relations : Domains of Collaboration: 1. Military Exercises Joint: With an emphasis on counterterrorism, peacekeeping, and humanitarian aid, both nations regularly take part in joint military exercises including Dharma Guardian and Exercise Konkan. 2. Cooperation in Defence knowledge: Mutual understandings (MoUs) serve as a means of promoting collaboration in military R&D, knowledge transfer, or collaboration of defence equipment. 3. Training and The capacity Building: Canada offers Indian military personnel training courses in cybersecurity, counterterrorism, and peacekeeping. CASE STUDY ON MILITARY TIES BETWEEN INDIA - CANADA AFTER KILLING OF KHALISTANI EXTREMIST TERRORIST NIJJAR The military minister of Canada describes ties with India as "important Bill Blair, Canada's minister of defence, called Canada's relationship with India "important" on Sunday and stated that his nation would keep pursuing alliances such as the Indo-Pacific strategy as long as the Sikh separatist leader's murder is being investigated. Following Canadian PM Justin Trudeau's claims of a "potential" Indian agent role in the June 18 shooting of Khalistani terrorist Hardeep Singh Nijjar, 45, in British Columbia, tensions between India and Canada skyrocketed. In 2020, India classified Nijjar as a terrorist. DEFENCE TIES Rejecting the accusations as "absurd" and "motivated," India titbitly moved to have Ottawa remove an Indian diplomat over the affair, expelling a senior Canadian ambassador in retaliation. Prior to the "credible intelligence," as Trudeau referred to it, being brought up with Canadian authorities, Canada had been pursuing closer economic, defence, and immigration relations with India, according to Global News.During the ongoing enquiry into the claims, Blair said in an interview with The West Block that Canada will keep pursuing those alliances, referring to the relationship with India as “important." .”And yet, we have an obligation to guard the law, protect our residents, and simultaneously ensure that we direct a careful examination and get to reality.”Blair expressed his alarm about the infringement of Canada's sovereignty in the assassination of a citizen on its land, saying that if the charges are confirmed, it will be a major cause for concern. According to Blair, Canada remains committed to its Indo-Pacific policy, which has resulted in a stronger military presence and pledges for further patrolling capabilities.In an interview that aired on CBC News on Sunday, Blair stated, "The Canadian Defence Minister additionally encouraged India and Canada to begin talking to find a common ground to become friends."Out of a total of around USD 2.3 billion during the same period, the plan allocates USD 492.9 million across five years to such military goals. As emotions over the assassination of Nijjar escalated and their relationship reached an alltime low, India demanded Canada to crack down severely on terrorists also anti-India groups operating from its land on Thursday and banned Canadian visa services.India has requested that Canada reduce the number of diplomats stationed there, claiming that both countries' diplomatic missions should be equal in terms of power and status. The number of diplomats from Canada stationed in India is. "Will Their Defence Ties Be Eroded by the Political Spat Between Canada and India? Although the protracted dispute has strained relations, it doesn't seem to have much of an impact on military relationships because both nations gain from cooperative security measures.Concerns have been expressed over the effect of the current diplomatic strain between Canada and India on bilateral military cooperation in the wake of Canadian accusations that the Indian government was involved in the murder of Sikh activist Hardeep Singh Nijjar, a resident of British Columbia. MajorGeneral Peter Scott, Canada's Deputy Army Chief, claims that the disagreement is mostly a political one and is not having an impact on the military relationship between the two nations. Is it possible for military cooperation to continue undisturbed by difficulties in diplomatic relations?For many years, India and Canada have enjoyed close diplomatic and economic ties. Although there have been political difficulties in previous times, their military collaboration has mostly remained unbroken. Diplomatic Tensions The public disclosure made by Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau of "credible allegations" connecting Indian agents to the shooting of Nijjar is the focal point of the ongoing diplomatic spat between Canada and India. It set off an intense discussion in both nations. India fiercely denied any connection and called Trudeau's claim untrue. The tense conversation is notable because it happened so quickly and between two countries that have always had cordial ties. It brought to light how complex and nuanced their diplomatic relationship was. Their bilateral connection has been severely strained as a result of this episode, and there are concerns about how it may affect other areas of their relationship as well. For example, Canada and India adopted differing geopolitical alignments during the Cold War, with Canada leaning towards the West and India choosing to pursue a non-alignment strategy. In spite of this, they continued to have defence connections and concentrated on matters of shared concern, such peacekeeping and counterterrorism. The pragmatism underlying military cooperation is highlighted by its historical continuity. Even in situations when political conflicts occur, nations nonetheless recognise the long-term benefits of security partnerships and cooperation. Complex Interactions Between Military and Political Relations Curious concerns arise in response to Scott's claim that military connections are unaffected by the diplomatic dispute. Is it possible for poor diplomatic ties to not affect military cooperation? The relationships and actions of national governments within the global arena are the main focus of political relations. The handling of bilateral conflicts, agreements on trade, economic cooperation, and diplomacy are some of these. Conversely, defence collaboration, combined drills, sales of arms, and security alliances are the main focus of military relations. In actuality, political tensions may put a slight pressure on military relations, but the magnitude of their effects might differ greatly. Having military ties is essential when facing strategic obstacles. Furthermore, the main countries are engaged in a complicated game of strategic rivalry in the IndoPacific area. Numerous countries have increased their security collaboration in the Indo-Pacific as a result of China's emergence as an important global power and its assertive actions in the region known as the South China Sea. India and Canada, along with a number of compatible countries, have realised that in order to solve the shared concerns, collective security measures are required. Canada has acknowledged this requirement, as evidenced by its attendance at the Indo-Pacific Army Chiefs' Conference. Similarly, to protect its maritime claims and fight challenges to regional security, India has to retain strong security alliances. India's goals and Canada's involvement in regional security efforts are compatible, therefore it is doubtful that the present diplomatic spat would have a major effect on their military cooperation. In summary Understanding the difference between military and political relationships is essential in the intricate world of international relations. Although Canada and India's diplomatic spat has strained the political connection, it doesn't seem to have had much of an impact upon their military ties. Maintaining their security alliances and defence cooperation is in both countries' best interests. The conflict can be resolved through diplomacy since it provides a means of reducing tensions and assisting both governments in finding a middle ground. The Indo-Pacific region's geopolitical importance, similar interests, and bilateral relations' long history all support the military alliance between India and Canada. In the end, both countries understand the long-term benefits of their defence cooperation and are likely to prioritise keeping it going, even in the face of occasional political obstacles. This pragmatism emphasises the delicate balance that states must keep while handling the intricate relationship between military and political interactions in a globalised society. OVERVIEW : Partnering in Security The two nations have signed the 1987 Extradition Treaty and the 1994 Mutual Legal Support Treaty (which became effective in 1998). In 1997, a Joint Working Committee on Countering Terrorism was formed.Concerns about counterterrorism are being discussed, especially within the context of the Joint Working Committee (JWG) on Counter Terrorism, The Agreement on a Framework for Partnership between Canada and India on Countering Terror and Violent Extremism, which was agreed in February 2018, significantly strengthened the security cooperation. From January 12–16, 2020, a group from (RCMP) travelled to India and had conversations about counterterrorism-related matters with Indian authorities. On November 4–5, 2021, a team from the (NIA) travelled to Canada in order to strengthen collaboration in the fight against terrorism. SHORTLY The accusation that the Indian government was responsible for the murder of Canadian citizen and Sikh separatist leader Hardeep Singh Nijjar escalated the already tense ties between the two countries. In a move that highlights the complicated dynamics of diaspora politics and raises the possibility of a "doom loop" that might ruin relations between the two nations diplomatically, India has rejected the accusations, reciprocal the expulsion of diplomats, and charged Canada of harbouring terrorists.The deteriorating downward spiral that has been causing tensions between India and Canada was exacerbated after Canada's PM Justin Trudeau declared that his government had "credible allegations" about India's role in the death of Sikh separatist founder and Canadian citizen Hardeep Singh Nijjar.Following the killing, which was captured by the Gurdwaras that Nijjar oversaw's surveillance cameras, Canadian authorities obtained signals and human intelligence that suggested Indian officials were involved. This included intercepting Indian diplomats' communications within Canada. One among the Five Eyes intelligence alliance's members— Australia, Canada as well, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States—shared some intelligence with Canada.As emotions over the assassination of Nijjar escalated and their relationship reached an all-time low, India demanded Canada to crack down severely on terrorists also anti-India groups operating from its land on Thursday and banned Canadian visa services.India has requested that Canada reduce the number of diplomats stationed there, claiming that both countries' diplomatic missions should be equal in terms of power and status. The number of diplomats from Canada stationed in India is. India typically frames the international Khalistan movement as a danger to national security and associates it with Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence. Remarkably, following Trudeau's declaration, rumours started to surface in India asserting that Canada's Inter-Services Intelligence masterminded Nijjar's murder in order to malign India.Indians typically attribute the absence of official Canadian intervention towards the Khalistan group in Canada to diaspora politics. It is said that in their quest for support from Canadians of Sikh descent, politicians in Canada are motivated by "vote-bank politics" to overlook the detrimental effects of the Khalistan movement on India.That analysis is accurate. In fact, diaspora diplomacy plays a significant role in Canadian politics. With 770,000 persons of Sikh descent, Canada has a seizable Sikh diaspora, making up the biggest Sikh community outside of Punjab. Politicians have long attempted to use the Sikh community—which makes up 2.1% of Canada's population—to play diaspora politics, especially since the group is concentrated in a small number of suburbs Toronto and Vancouver areas. But the reason it will be so hard for Canada to break free from the doomsday scenario is the significance of diaspora politics. Politicians in Canada are accustomed to pursuing votes from the country's numerous diaspora communities, despite the fact that this practice is frequently carried out with little to no awareness of its consequences abroad. We are unlikely to see any effort anytime soon to address India's concerns over the Khalistan cause in Canada since they are so deeply entwined with diaspora politics — especially not when Canadians peacefully campaigning for Khalistan are taking advantage of their constitutionally guaranteed rights.India threatened to remove the diplomatic immunity of two-thirds of Canada's ambassadors, compelling them to resign from their positions and temporarily suspend Canadian visas. Canada and India have put off their trade negotiations for several months.But in November, US federal prosecutors charged an Indian state agent with masterminding an aborted scheme to murder another Sikh separatist, Gurpatwant Singh Pannun, in New York, thus supporting Canada's allegation. India announced that it has formed a committee to investigate the claims, indicating a more cooperative stance towards the US. OVERVIEW : The 2014 April 14–15 visit by Prime Minister Modi to Canada was a huge success. In addition to holding lengthy talks with Canada's political, commercial, and intellectual elites, he travelled to Ottawa, Toronto, and Vancouver. On April 15, 2015, he gave a speech to over 10,000 PIOs and friends of India in Toronto.At Prime Minister Modi's request, Justin Trudeau, Canada's prime minister, made a State Trip to Indian from February 18–24, 2018, accompanied by six Federal Ministers and thirteen lawmakers. Six Agreements/MoUs that will expand our collaboration in fields including education, sports, intellectual property, ICT, and breakthroughs in civil nuclear cooperation, were signed by Canada and India during the visit.Both prime ministers have spoken three times since the COVID-19 pandemic began: on April 28, 2020, June 16, 2020, and February 10, 2021. During their conversations, they have covered a wide range of regional and global issues, such as the world's supply chain, the impact of climate change, international cooperation during the pandemic, collaborations in research and technology for vaccines, the supply of medicines from India, the relocation of stranded Indians and Canadians, and Canada's requirement that India provide the COVID vaccine. On June 27, 2022, Prime Minister Modi and Justin Trudeau, the Canadian PM, met on the fringes of the G-7 Summit in Elmau, Germany, and talked about ways to improve India-Canada ties in a number of areas. A recent visit to Canada by an Indian delegation: Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman, MOS for Commerce & Industry, will be present at the 3rd Annual Trade Ministers' Dialogue on September 28–30, 2016. Dr. Arvind Gupta, Deputy NSA and Secretary, National Security Council Secretariat, will be present at the 3rd India-Canada Security Dialogue in Ottawa on January 24–27, 2017. Mr. Ravi Thapar, Additional Secretary (CT), will be present at the Joint Working Group Meeting on Counter Terrorism on February 21, 2017. Sr. B.V. Sudhakar, Secretary (Posts), Ministry of Communications, GOI; Ottawa/Toronto on February 13–17, 2017 From July 10–13, 2017, Smt. Preeti Saran, Secretary (East)/Sh. Munu Mahawar, JSAMS), MEA travelled to Toronto and Ottawa. From July 9–14, 2017, Shri Chaudhary Rao Birender Singh, Union Minister for Steel, travelled to Toronto, Calgary, and Winnipeg. For the Climate Change Conference, Shri Ajay Narayan Jha, Secretary of the Department, Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change, travelled to Montreal on September 14– 16 alongside Shri Ravi Shankar Prasad, JS, Department of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change. A recent visit to India by a Canadian delegation: Third Indian-Canada Security Dialogue Ottawa January 24-27, 2017 The deputy secretary of Foreign Affairs, Mr. Ian Shugart, served from February 27 until March 1, 2017.The Minister of International Trade, Mr. Francois Philippe Champagne, 3.3.2017, Agriculture Minister Mr. Lwarence MacAuley, March 4–11, 2017, From March 23 until March 31, 2017, Ms. Bardish Chagger served as the Government House Leaders in the Commons and as the Ministry of Small Enterprise and Tourism. Minister of Defence, Mr. Harjit Singh Sajjan, served from April 17 until April 23, 2017. Additional High-Level Exchanges On December 19 and 20, 2019, Dr. S. Jaishankar, the External Affairs Minister (EAM), paid a visit to Ottawa. FM On February 7, 2023, Joly travelled to Delhi and headed the bilateral Strategy Dialogue with EAM. She attended the Raisina Dialogue on March1-3,2023, and had a meeting with EAM outside of the G20 meeting of foreign ministers. EAM had meetings with FM Joly during the following events: the ASEAN Summits and East Asia Conference in Phnom Penh on November 12, 2022; the Regional Forum of ASEAN (ARF) Ministerial Meetings in Jakarta on July 14, 2023; and the Commonwealth of Nations Heads of Government's Meeting (CHOGM) in Kigali, Rwanda on June 23, 2022. On July 15, 2022, on the fringes of the G20 Finance Minister Meetings in Bali, Canada's Deputy PM and Finance Minister, Ms. Chrystia Freeland, met with Mrs. Sitharaman, the Canadian Finance Minister. On March 10–13, 2022, Minister Ng travelled to India with our Minister of Commerce and Industry to co-chair the 5th Minister Dialogue on Investment and Trade (MDTI). On May 9–11, 2023, CIM travelled to Canada to attend the 6th MDTI. Visits from Provinces in Canada From April 25–28, 2022, a trade delegation led by Mr. Jeremy Harrison, Ministry of Trade and Export Growth for the Province of Saskatchewan, travelled to India. From November 25, 2022, to December 2, 2022, Mr. Victor Fedeli, Ontario's Ministry for Economic Growth, Job Creation, and Trade, and Mr. Michael Ford, the province's commissioner of citizenship and multilingualism, travelled to India from January 5–11, 2023. In March 2023, Saskatchewan Premier Scott Moe travelled to India with a group to talk about collaborations in agriculture, vital minerals, and cutting-edge technology. From September 13–19, 2023, Yukon Premier Ranj Pillai travelled to Delhi and Thiruvananthapuram. OVERVIEW : The Canadian Parliament has established the largest-ever Canada-India Parliamentary Friendship Group (CIPEG), comprising more than 80 Members of Parliament from various political parties in both chambers. This initiative underscores a strong bipartisan commitment to fostering relations between the two nations. In September 2016, a delegation of six Canadian Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (CPA) members, including MPs and Senators, visited India from September 10th to 14th, 2016, further solidifying parliamentary ties between the two countries. India and Canada are both Westminster-style democracies with similar parliamentary structures and practices. Following a general election in October 2019, Mr. Raj Saini, a Member of the House of Commons, was appointed as chairman of the Canada-India Parliament Association.There are 22 members of Indian descent in the House of Commons of the Canadian Parliament as of 2020 (there are 338 total members). Political relations : The Honourable Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Shri Om Birla, travelled to Canada with a group of six Honourable Members of Parliament to attend the 65th Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference, which was held in Halifax, Nova Scotia, from August 20 to 26, 2022, on behalf of the Canada CPA Branch.The Honourable Speaker of the Lok Sabha met with Speakers of the Parliament of Commons of Canada Anthony Rota and Speakers of the Senate of Canada George J. Furey among others on the fringes of the 65th CPC. The 25th Meeting of Speaker and Presiding Officials of Commonwealth, which was held in Ottawa, was attended by Speaker of the Lok Sabha Shri Om Birla and Deputy Chairman of the Parliament of India, Shri Harivansh Narayan Singh, on their previous visit to Canada from January 5–12, 2020. Speakers of the House of Parliament of Canada, Anthony Rota, and Speaker of the Senate of Canada, George J. Furey, were met on the fringes of CSPOC, and Speaker extended an invitation to him to head a parliamentary exchange trip to India. Canada participates in a parliamentary summit hosted by India amidst strained relations. Canada has decided to take part in an India-hosted parliamentary speakers' summit of the Group of 20 nations, demonstrating a willingness from both countries to collaborate in legislative matters despite recent tensions stemming from the killing of a Sikh separatist leader. Raymonde Gagné, the Speaker of the Senate of Canada, has accepted the invitation to attend the two-day summit scheduled to commence in New Delhi on October 13th, according to Om Birla, the Speaker of the lower house of India's parliament. The primary objective of the summit is to foster parliamentary cooperation among G-20 nations. Despite strains in bilateral relations, including accusations by Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau implicating Indian agents in the assassination of a prominent Sikh leader in Canada, ties between the nations have seen a marked decline. In response, New Delhi has labeled the allegations as "absurd" and refuted any involvement. Additionally, India has requested that Canada reduce its diplomatic staff in the country, further indicating the strained nature of current diplomatic relations. Conclusions : Economic Cooperation: Sanjay Kumar Verma, the High Chief of India, stated in Ottawa that there was a "roughly 7% shortfall in bilateral trade till the end of October." That is the time frame during which data can be accessed through the Trade Service.According to data from the High Commission, reciprocal exchange products totalled US$7.65 billion during the first 10 months of 2023, with US$4.70 billion coming from India's commodities and US$2.95 billion from imports. The total amount of exchange goods for 2022 was US$10.50 billion.Even though there has been less interchange, some areas have seen notable growth. Between January and October of 2023, the value of cell phone commodities made in India increased by 227%, from US$38.57 million to US$126 million, compared to the same period in 2022. A few other Canadian goods also saw growth, including nonalloyed nickel, copper concentrates and minerals, and lentils and goods.Twelve rounds of discussions between the two countries were held earlier in the year in an attempt to establish an Early Progress Economic Alliance (EPTA); however, discussions were terminated by Ottawa in late August. Subsequently, the rationale was made clear when Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau stated in the House of Commons on the 18th that there were "credible allegations" of a potential link between Indian experts and the assassination of pro-Khalistan leader Hardeep Singh's Nijjar in Surrey, British Columbia, three months earlier.The agreement, a first step towards a Comprehensive Financial Institution Knowing, was almost complete, according to a senior Indian official, until discussions were continually postponed.Nevertheless, Canadian businesses continue to eye India as a market, with advantages reserves across all a little over US$75 billion and, according to the High Commission, "progressively viewing India as a beneficial objective for ventures." Energy Cooperation : India’s energy investment and trade are concentrated in riskier areas. More than two thirds of India’s imports of oil originate from Western Asia, which is a volatile region. Many of India’s international oil and gas interests are also in highly unstable nations — either either of internal unrest (Venezuela), external sanctions (Russia) or other difficulties such as bribery (Brazil).For a number of valid reasons, the energy industry in Canada presents an additional investment choice. The growth of Canada’s crude oil sands has proved that the political environment's stability and rule enforced by law are characteristics that are as crucial as geology. Given that India currently imports a sizable amount of fuel from Venezuela, Mexico, and the US, all of which are very close to Canada, the distance between the two countries shouldn't be a barrier. Actually, Indian investments throughout Canada should be viewed as insurance since they would somewhat offset the impact in the event of high oil prices due to their higher income.Therefore, Indian financial investments would be well-suited to Canada's energy industry. Space Cooperation & Science & Technology Cooperation: The Canadian Space The power of agency has tremendous operational knowledge with the International Space Station; Canadian universities as well as start-ups can carry out both academic and business science experiments on the intended Indian space station; India's space startup ecosystems is currently developing several space launch assistance start-ups. India is currently in the advanced stages of completing its first individuals space travel, which is planned for 2023; the trip is the initial phase of the Indian Human Space Flight Project. By the turn of the century, ISRO strives to set up a small and modular spacecraft in low-Earth orbit. In a similar vein, Canada's work with its the ocean Supercluster, the industry-led the sea technological advancement ecosystem, will be of great assistance to Indian institutions. Likewise, India is in the final stages of building an underwater submergence automobile, known as Samudrayaan, as part of its determined Deep Ocean Mission led by the nation's the Department of Science and Technology. India may also pursue S&T partnerships with Canadian institutions to study investigating and preserving marine life, setting ocean environmental advice, the survey and investigation of the ocean's bottom, ocean energy tasks and developing ocean debris elimination technologies. Education Ties: India is the largest source country for international understudies in Canada as of about 2018, making it a popular destination for Indian students. This is due to factors including the vast Indian diaspora, Canada's excellent educational system, and the wide doors provided by work permits after graduation. Additionally, there is a common advantage because Indian students bring diversity and hundreds of millions of dollars to Canada's economy. As a result, Indian students receive valuable international education and experience. Government drives are organised to promote informative trade in the states of Canada and India. For example, the Canadian government provides trade programmes and incentives to understudies from India. Owing to Persistent Conciliatory Stress For understudies, a new discretionary boundary between Canada and India has created some hazard. Diaspora : One of the largest and fastest growing diasporas in the world is based in Canada and is greatly influencing the future prospects of both countries.Sturdy Extension as The diaspora serves as a support system for social commerce, corporate associations, and political understanding between the two countries.A significant and innovative group of Indian Canadians, they are a monetary presence to be reckoned with, making significant contributions to the Canadian market. They may play a significant role in speculating and future trade between Canada and India.Information Transfer as The diaspora can serve as a conduit for the transfer of information, bringing Canadian knowledge in fields like green technology and governance to India and Indian expertise in IT and design to Canada.Cultural or Governmental Impact: The growing political influence exerted by the Indian diaspora within Canada might influence bilateral trade initiatives and economic partnerships, for example.Difficulties to Think About Combo and Personality The diaspora may struggle to maintain their Indian identities while assimilating into Canadian society. Feelings of undervaluation or imprisonment may result from this.Political Pressures:The ongoing conciliatory tensions between Canada and India may strain ties within the diaspora community.Brain Channel for India If exceptionally talented Indian Canadians choose to stay in Canada, it will have an impact on India's own talent pool.With the potential to substantially strengthen links between the two countries, the future of the Indian diaspora here is bright. Nevertheless, addressing the challenges of integration, political tensions, and mental channel will be crucial to realising this promise.Here are some additional variables that may influence future developments:Focus on the Second Age: As the diaspora grows, bringing in the next generation will be essential to ensuring that strong ties with India continue.Pioneering Environment: Fostering the aspirations of Indian Canadian businesspeople can also strengthen economic relations between the two countries.Foundations and Comprehensive developments: Promoting organisations and comprehensive developments can help the diaspora maintain their cultural traditions and foster a sense of belonging in Canada. Military and defence cooperation: Understanding the difference between military and political relationships is essential in the intricate world of international relations. Although Canada and India's diplomatic spat has strained the political connection, it doesn't seem to have had much of an impact upon their military ties. Maintaining their security alliances and defence cooperation is in both countries' best interests. The conflict can be resolved through diplomacy since it provides a means of reducing tensions and assisting both governments in finding a middle ground. The Indo-Pacific region's geopolitical importance, similar interests, and bilateral relations' long history all support the military alliance between India and Canada. In the end, both countries understand the long-term benefits of their defence cooperation and are likely to prioritise keeping it going, even in the face of occasional political obstacles. This pragmatism emphasises the delicate balance that states must keep while handling the intricate relationship between military and political interactions in a globalised society. SECURITY CO-OPERATION: Common Strategic Interests: India and Canada are becoming more and more interested in an IndoPacific area that is secure and stable. Greater security cooperation to resist China's influence could result from this.Global Challenges: New dangers such as pandemics and transnational crime may force Canada and India to work together to develop answers that will affect the entire world.Technological Advancements: Working together to create cyber defence and secure communication technologies may prove to be a key topic in the future. High level Exchange and parliamentary exchange : The prospective of the relationship between Canada and India is greatly promising due to high-level legislative exchanges. These discussions can increase cooperation on important topics, promote greater understanding, and open the door to win-win accords. Optimistic Momentum Common Interests: Concerns about clean technology, education, and security are shared by the two nations. Parliamentary discussions can pinpoint areas that need cooperation and produce tangible action plans.Strengthening Ties: Consistent communication among lawmakers creates a climate of trust and human connections that can ease diplomatic difficulties.Diaspora Bridge: Encouraging exchanges and making sure they represent the interests of both countries can be greatly aided by the active Indian diaspora in Canada. __________________ |
| Keywords: | India-Canada |
| Cite Article: | "India Canada Bilateral engagements: Strategical reflections and implications on indo pacific strategy", International Journal of Science & Engineering Development Research (www.ijsdr.org), ISSN:2455-2631, Vol.9, Issue 3, page no.797 - 806, March-2024, Available :http://www.ijsdr.org/papers/IJSDR2403115.pdf |
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| Publication Details: | Published Paper ID: IJSDR2403115 Registration ID:210565 Published In: Volume 9 Issue 3, March-2024 DOI (Digital Object Identifier): Page No: 797 - 806 Publisher: IJSDR | www.ijsdr.org ISSN Number: 2455-2631 |
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